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In April 2021, increased cases of myocarditis and pericarditis were reported in the United States after mRNA COVID-19 vaccination (Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna). Data from multiple studies show a rare risk for myocarditis and/or pericarditis following receipt of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. These rare cases of myocarditis or pericarditis have occurred most frequently in adolescent and young adult males, ages 16 years and older, within 7 days after receiving the second dose of an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna). There has not been a similar reporting pattern observed after receipt of the Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine (Johnson & Johnson).

CDC continues to recommend COVID-19 vaccination for everyone 6 months of age and older. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) and CDC have determined that the benefits (such as prevention of COVID-19 cases and its severe outcomes) outweigh the risks of myocarditis and pericarditis after receipt of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines.

Myocarditis is inflammation of the heart muscle, and pericarditis is inflammation of the lining outside the heart. In both cases, the body’s immune system is causing inflammation in response to an infection or some other trigger. CDC has published case definitions for myocarditis and pericarditis.

The severity of cases of myocarditis and pericarditis can vary. For most cases of myocarditis and pericarditis following vaccination with an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, patients who presented for medical care have responded well to medications and rest and had prompt improvement of symptoms. CDC is assessing long term outcomes of myocarditis after mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. Preliminary data from surveys conducted at least 90 days after the myocarditis diagnosis showed most patients were fully recovered from their myocarditis.

Report all cases of myocarditis and pericarditis post COVID-19 vaccination to VAERS.

• Consider myocarditis and pericarditis in persons with acute chest pain, shortness of breath, or palpitations, particularly in adolescents and young adults. Younger children who have myocarditis or pericarditis may have non-specific symptoms such as irritability, vomiting, poor feeding, tachypnea, or lethargy.

• Ask about prior COVID-19 vaccination if you identify these symptoms, as well as relevant other medical, travel, and social history.

• For initial evaluation, consider an ECG, troponin level, and inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. In the setting of normal ECG, troponin, and inflammatory markers, myocarditis or pericarditis are unlikely.

• For suspected cases, consider consultation with cardiology for assistance with cardiac evaluation and management. Evaluation and management may vary depending on the patient age, clinical presentation, potential causes, or practice preference of the provider.

• For follow-up of patients with myocarditis, consult the guidance from the American Heart Association  and American College of Cardiology.

• It is important to rule out other potential causes of myocarditis and pericarditis. Consider consultation with infectious disease and/or rheumatology to assist in this evaluation.

  • Where available, evaluate for potential causes of myocarditis and pericarditis, particularly acute COVID-19 infection (such as PCR testing), current or prior SARS-CoV-2 infection (such as, detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies), and other viral causes (such as, enterovirus PCR and comprehensive respiratory viral pathogen testing).

• After reviewing available data on the risks and benefits, ACIP and CDC determined that the benefits (such as prevention of COVID-19 cases and its severe outcomes) outweigh the risks of myocarditis and pericarditis after receipt of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines

• CDC continues to recommend COVID-19 vaccination for everyone 6 months of age and older

• If myocarditis or pericarditis is diagnosed after a dose of mRNA COVID vaccine, before giving additional doses, please refer to the latest guidance under the ‘Myocarditis and Pericarditis’ section of the CDC Interim Clinical Considerations for Use of COVID-19 Vaccines.

• Myocarditis is inflammation of the heart muscle.

• Pericarditis is inflammation of the outer lining of the heart.

  • In both cases, the body’s immune system causes inflammation in response to an infection or some other trigger. Learn more about myocarditis and pericarditis. Both myocarditis and pericarditis have the following symptoms:

  • Chest pain

  • Shortness of breath

  • Feelings of having a fast-beating, fluttering, or pounding heart

  Myocarditis and pericarditis have rarely been reported. When reported, the cases have especially been in adolescents and young adult males within several days after mRNA COVID-19 vaccination (Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna).

  • More often after the second dose

  • Usually within a week of vaccination

  • Most patients with myocarditis or pericarditis who received care responded well to medicine and rest and felt better quickly.

  • Patients can usually return to their normal daily activities after their symptoms improve.

  • Those who have been diagnosed with myocarditis should consult with their cardiologist (heart doctor) about return to exercise or sports.

  Seek medical care if you or your child have any of the specific or general symptoms of myocarditis or pericarditis especially if it’s within a week after COVID-19 vaccination.
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